Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
| Online Publication Date: 08 Sept 2009
The Psychophysiology of Respiration: Eastern and Western Perspectives
The Psychophysiology of Respiration: Eastern and Western Perspectives
Page Range: 8 – 23
The role that breathing and respiratory behavior plays in psychophysiological functioning has only recently begun to be recognized by Western researchers and clinicians as an important factor governing and influencing health and disease processes. Until fairly recently, respiration was regarded as merely a nuisance variable during scientific research, often not even regarded as important enough to be controlled for. However, with the growing interest in the psychophysiology of stress, an increasing number of investigators have begun to run their attention to the study of breathing and how it influences physiological functioning.
Altschule, M.D., Bodily Physiology in Mental and Emotional Disorders, New York, Grune & Stratton, 1953.
Angelone, A., &. Coulter, N., Respiratory sinus arrythmia: A frequency-dependent phanomenon, Journal of Applied Physiology, 1964,19, pp. 479-482.
Arpita, The role of breathing in current clinical interventions, Research Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1982, pp. 22-31.
Ballentine, R., Clinical significance of the nasal cycle, Research Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 4, 1980.
Bolton, B., Carmichael, E. A., & Sturup, G., Vasoconstriction following deep inspiration, Journal of Physiology, 1936, 86, pp. 83-94.
Capra, F., The Tao of Physics, Bantam Books, New York, 1976.
Case, R. B., & Greenberg, H., Response of canine coronary vascular resistance to local alterations in coronary PCO2, Circulation Research,. 1976, 39, pp. 558-566.
Clarke, J., Respiration, heart rate and the autonomic nervous system, Research Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 1 1981.
Clarke, J., Lung capacity and breathing patterns, during rest, exercise, and illness, Research Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1981.
Clarke, J., The Nasal Cycle II: A quantitative analysis of nostril dominance, Research Bulletin, . Vol. 2, No. 2, 1980.
Clarke, J., Characterization of the resting breath pattern, Research Bulletin, Vol. 1, 1979, pp. 5-9.
Clausen, G., Respiratory movements in normal, neurotic and psychotic subjects, Acta Psychiatria Scandinavia, Supplement No. 68, 1951.
Coppen, A., & Mezey, B., The influence of sodium amytal on the respiration abnormalities of anxious psychiatric patients, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1960, 5, pp. 52-55.
Coleridge, J. C. G., & Coleridge, H. M. S., Chemoreflex regulation of the heart, in R. M. Berne, (Ed.) Handbook of Physiology, Section 2, The Cardiovascular System, Vol. 1, The Heart, Bethesda: American Physiological Society, 1979, pp. 653-676.
Compernolle, T., Hoogduin, K., & Hoele, L., Diagnosis and treatment of the hyperventilation syndrome, Psychosomatics, 1979, 20, pp. 612-625.
Damas-Mora, J., Grant, L., Kenyon, P., Patel, M., & Jenner, F., Respiratory ventilation and carbon dioxide levels in syndromes of depression, British Journal of Psychiatry, 1976, 129, pp. 457-469.
Damas-Mora, J., Souster, L., & Jenner, F., Diminished hypercapnic drive in endogenous or severe depression, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1982, 26, pp. 237-245.
Donovan, R. E., Anderson, N.M., Sekelj, P., Papp, O., & McGregor, M., Influence of voluntary hyperventilation on cardiac output, Journal Of Applied Physiology, 1962, 17, pp. 487-491.
Doornen, L., Psychological Determinants of Heart Attack: A Physiological Investigation, The Hague: Netherlands Heart Foundation, 1978.
Doornen, L., The coronary risk personality: Psychological and psychophysiological aspects, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1981, 34, pp. 204-215.
Eckberg, D. L., Parasympathetic cardiac control in human disease; a critical review of methods and results, American Journal of Physiology, 1980, 239, H581-H593.
Eckberg, D. L., Kifle, Y. T., & Roberts, V. L., Phase relationship between human respiration and baroreflex responsiveness, Journal of Physiology (London), 1980, 302, pp. 489-502.
Eckholdt, K., Bodmann, K., Cammann, H., Pfeifer, B., Schubert, E., & Kesper, U., Sinus arrythmia and heart rate in hypertonic disease, Advances in Cardiology, 1976, 16, pp. 366-369.
Finesinger, J., & Mazick, S., Effects of a painful stimulus and its recall upon respiration in psychoneurotic patients, Psychosomatic Medicine, 1940, 2, pp. 333-370.(a)
Finesinger, J., & Mazick, S., Respiratory response of psychoneurotic patients to ideational and to sensory stimulii, American Journal of Psychiatry, 1940, 97, pp. 27-48.(b)
Fried, R., Rubin, S., Fox, M., & Carlton, R., Method and protocols for assessing hyperventilation and its treatment, International Center for the Disabled, New York, 1983.(a)
Fried, R., & Rubun, S., End-tidal carbon dioxide biofeedback treatment of chronic hyperventilation, International Center for the disabled, New York, 1983.(b)
Funk, E., Changes in respiration with a mental task: An experimental study, Research Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1981, pp. 13-16.
Funk, E., Biorthythms and the breath, Research Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1980.
Funk, E., & Clarke, J., The nasal cycle: Observations over prolonged periods of time, Research Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1980, pp. 1-4.
Goldblatt, A., Harrison, D.C., Glick, G., & Braunwald, E., Studies on cardiac dimensions in intact, unanesthetized man, II. Effects of respiration, Circulation Research, 1963, 13, pp. 455-460.
Grassman, E., & Blomquist, R., Absence of sinus arrythmia: A manifestation of sick sinus syndrome, Clinical Research, 1977, 25, pp. 4-5.
Grossman, Paul, Respiration, Stress, and Cardiovascular Function, Psychophysiology, Vol. 20, May, 1983, pp. 284-300.
Harvey, J., The effect of yogic breathing exercises on mood, The Journal of Psychosomatic Dentistry and Medicine, 1980.
Hauge, A., Thoresen, M., & Walloe, L., Changes in cerebral blood flow during hyperventilation, and CO2 rebreathing in humans by a bidirectional, pulsed, ultra-sound Doppler blood velocity meter, ActaPhysiologia Scandinavia, 1980, 110, 167-173.
Hellman, J., & Stacey, R., Variations in respiratory sinus arrythmia with age, Journal of Applied Physiology, 1976, 41, pp. 734-738.
Hilsted, J., & Jensen, S., A simple test for autonomic neuropathy in juvenile diabetes, Acta Medica Scandinavia, 1979, 205, 385-387.
Hincle, L. E., Carver, S. T., &. Plakun, A., Slow heart rates and increased risk of cardiac death, Archives of Internal Medicine, 1972, 129, pp. 732-750.
Hirsch, J. A., & Bishop, B., Respiratory sinus arrythmia in humans,: How breathing pattern modulates heart rate, American Journal of Physiology, 1981, pp. 241, H620-H629.
Hurwitz, B. E., The effect of inspiration and posture on cardiac rate and T-wave amplitude during apneaic breathholding in man, Psychophysiology, 1981, 18, pp. 179-180.
Hymes, A., Diaphragmatic breath control and post-surgical care, Research Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1980, pp. 9-10.
Hymes, A., and Neurnberger, P ., Breathing patterns found in heart attack patients, Research Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1980, pp. 10-12.
Jammes, Y., Guillot, C., Prefaut, C., & Grimard, C., Relatinships between eupnoeic patterns of breathing and ventilatory control in man, II Early response to transient hypercapnia, Archives Intenational de Physiologie et de Biochemie, 1976, 84, pp. 969-979.
Johnston, L. C., The Abnormal heart rate response to a deep breath in borderline labile hypertension: A sign of autonomic nervous system dysfunction, American Heart journal, 1980, 99, pp. 487-493.
Jurko, M., Jost, H., & Hill, T., Pathology of the energy system; An experimental clinical study of physiological adaptive capacities in a nonpatient, a psychoneurotic and an early paranoid schizophrenic group, Journal of Psychology, 1952, 33, pp. 183-198.
Kontos, H. A., & Patterson, J. L., Reflex control of the circulation, In B. L. Gordon, R. A. Carleton, & L. P. Faber(Eds.), Clinical Cardiopulmonary Physiology, New York, Grune and Stratton, 1969, pp. 165-193.
Krogh, A., & Lindhard, J., Measurement of the blood flow through the lungs of man, Scandinavian Archives of Physiology, 1912, 27, pp. 100-114.
Lad, V., Ayurveda: The science of self-healing, Lotus Press, Santa Fe, 1984.
Lande, S., Physiological and subjective measures of anxiety during flooding, Behavior Research and Therapy, 1982, 20, pp. 81-88.
Lewis, B., Hyperventilation syndromes: clinical and physiological observations, Postgraduate Medicine, 1957, pp. 259-271.
Lund-Johansen, P., Hemodynamics in early essential hypertension, Acta Medica Scandinavia Supplement, 1967, 482, pp. 1-101.
Malhotra, J., Yoga and psychiatry,: A review, Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 1961, pp. 375-385.
Malmo, R., & Shagass, C., Physiological study of symptom mechanisms in psychiatric patients under stress, Psychosomatic Medicine, 1949, 11, pp. 25-29.
Mathews, A., & Gelder, M., Psychophysiological investigations of brief relaxation training, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1969, 13, pp. 1-12.
May, J., The psychophysiology of regulated phobic thoughts, Behavior Therapy, 1977,8, pp. 150-159.
McGregor, M., Donovan, R., Anderson, N., Influences of corbon dioxide and hyperventilation on cardiac output in man, Journal of Applied Physiology, 1962, 17, pp. 933-937.
Neurnberger, P., Effects of breath training on personality test scores: an application, Research Bulletin, Vol.3, No. 2, 1981, pp. 9-13.
Piggott, L., Az, A., Bamford, J., & Fetzner, J., Respiration sinus arrythmia in psychotic children, Psychophysiology, 1973, 10, pp. 401-414.
Pincus, J., Disorders of conscious awareness-hyperventilation syndrome, British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 1978, 19, pp. 312-313.
Porges, S., Peripheral and neurochemical parallels of psychopatholoy: A psychophysiological model relating autonomic imbalance to hyperactivity, psychopathology and autism, in H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior, New York, Academic Press, 1976, pp. 36-65.
Przybylski, J., Tafil, M., Skotnicka-Fedorowicz, B., & Brozyna, W., Increased level of 2,3-DPG in erythrocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats and of borderline hypertensive subjects, European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1982, 12(Part 11), 32.
Rama, Pranayama, Research Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1981.
Rama, The science of prana, Research Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1980, pp. 1-2.
Rama, Ballentine, R., & Hymes, A., Science of Breath, Himalayan Press, Pennsylvania, 1979.
Ravissa, D., Nasal cycle, Research Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1982, pp. 12-21.
Robotham, J. L., & Mitzner, W., A model of the effects of respiration on left ventricular performance, Journal of Applied Physiology, 1979, 46, pp. 411-418.
Ross, A., & Steptoe, A., Attenuation of the diving reflex in man by mental stimulation, Journal of Physiology, 1980, 302, pp. 387-393.
Rowe, G., Castillo, C. A., & Crumpton, C. W., Effect of hyperventilation on systemic and coronary hemodynamics, American Heart Journal, 1962, 63, pp. 67-77.
Schaefer, K. E., Respiratory pattern and respiratory response to carbon dioxide, Journal of Applied Physiology, 1958, 13, pp. 1-14.
Schaefer, K E., Respiratory pattern affecting metabolic processes and CNS function, in K. E. Schaefer, G. Hildebrandt, & N. Macbeth, (Ed.), Basis of an Individual Physiology, Mt Kisco, NY, 1979, pp. 45-95.
Sheperd, J. T., & Vanhoutte, P.M., The Human Cardiovascular System, New York, Raven, 1979.
Skarbek, A., A psychophysiological of breathing behavior, British Journal of Psychiatry,1970, 116, pp. 637-641.
Stanescu, D., Nemery, B., Veriter, C., Marechal, C. Pattern of breathing and ventilatory response to CO2, in subjects practicing hatha-yoga, The American Physiological Society, 1981.
Steincrohm, P., You Live As You Breathe, New York, David McKay Company, Inc., 1967.
Stevenson, I., & Ripley, H., Variations in respiration and in respiratory symptoms during changes in emotion, Psychosomatic Medicine, 1952, 14, 6.
Trzebski, A., Raczkowska, M. & Kubin, L., Inhibitory effect of hyperventilation and hypocapina on the carotid baroreceptor reflex in man, European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1979, 9, 36.
Trzebski, A., Raczkowska, M., & Kubin, L., Sinus arrythmia and respiratory modulation of the carotid baroreceptor reflex in man, European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1978, 8, pp. 332.
Vander, A., Sherman, J., & Luciano, D., Human Physiology, New York, McGraw Hill, 1975.
Wenger, M., Studies of autonomic balance in army air forces personnel, Comprehensive Psychological Monographs, 1948, 19(4), pp. 1-111.
Wilke, J. T., Ultradian biological periodicities in the integration of behavior, International Journal of Neuroscience 1977, 7, pp. 125-143.
Yongue, B. G., Porges, S. W., & McCabe, P. M., Changes in vagal control of the heart following signalled and unsignalled shock, Psychophysiology, 1980, 17, pp. 314.